Diaphragmatic hernias occur when there is a weakness, or opening, in the diaphragm, the sheet-like muscle that sits below the lungs and normally separates the thoracic cavity (where the lungs and heart are) from the abdominal cavity. If the diaphragm has an opening, contents of the abdomen – organs such as the stomach, intestines, spleen, or liver – can break through the opening and appear in the thoracic cavity, which is a surgical emergency.
Typically, diaphragmatic hernias are present at birth as a developmental defect but can occur in adulthood due to trauma or injury. When congenital, diaphragmatic hernias are associated with genetic conditions such as congenital heart defects and Down syndrome.
Some diaphragmatic hernias can be asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they include:
Diaphragmatic hernias can be seen on routine imaging, such as x-ray, ultrasound, MRI, and CT scan. Tests measuring blood gases helps further assess how well the lungs are functioning.
Surgical repair of the hernia is the most common treatment, where the hernia is closed with sutures to restore the integrity of the diaphragm and prevent abdominal organs from entering the thoracic cavity.
The following factors may increase your risk of an acquired diaphragmatic hernia:
Some basic preventive measures that can help you avoid an ADH include: